Menstruation occurs when the uterus sheds its lining once a month. The lining passes through a small opening in the cervix and out through the vaginal canal.
Some pain, cramping, and discomfort during menstrual periods is normal. Excessive pain that causes you to miss work or school is not.
Painful menstruation is also called dysmenorrhea. There are two types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in women who experience pain before and during menstruation. Women who have had normal periods that become painful later in life may have secondary dysmenorrhea. A condition affecting the uterus or other pelvic organs, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids , can cause this.
What are the causes?
There may not be an identifiable cause of your painful menstrual periods. Some women are at a higher risk for having painful menstrual periods. These risks include:- being under age 20
- having a family history of painful periods
- smoking
- having heavy bleeding with periods
- having irregular periods
- never having had a baby
- reaching puberty before age 11
Painful menstrual periods can also be the result of an underlying medical condition, such as:
- premenstrual syndrome (PMS): a group of symptoms caused by hormonal changes in the body that occur 1 to 2 weeks before menstruation begins and go away after a woman begins to bleed
- endometriosis: a painful medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus grow in other parts of the body, usually on the fallopian tubes, ovaries, or tissue lining the pelvis
- fibroids in the uterus: noncancerous tumors that can put pressure on the uterus or cause abnormal menstruation and pain
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria that causes inflammation of the reproductive organs and pain
- adenomyosis: a rare condition in which the uterine lining grows into the muscular wall of the uterus and can be painful because it causes inflammation and pressure
- cervical stenosis: a rare condition in which the cervix is so small it slows menstrual flow, causing an increase of p
- pressure inside the uterus that causes pain
- Home treatment
Home care treatments may be successful in relieving painful menstrual periods and can include:
- using a heating pad on your pelvic area or back
- massaging your abdomen
- taking a warm bath
- regular physical exercise
- eating light, nutritious meals
- practicing relaxation techniques or yoga
- taking an anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen several days before your expected period
- taking vitamin B-6, vitamin B-1, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, and magnesium supplements, and reducing your intake of salt, alcohol, caffeine, and sugar to prevent bloating
- raising your legs or lying with your knees bent
source: Healthline.com
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